Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD: a summary of the ATS/ERS position paper.

Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932 Goals and objectives 933 Participants 933 Evidence, methodology and validation 933 Concept of a "live", modular document 933 Organisation of the document 933 De® nition of COPD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933 Diagnosis of COPD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933 Epidemio ogy, risk factors and natura history of COPD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 934 Patho ogy and pathophysio ogy in COPD . . . . . . . . 934 C inica assessment, testing and differentia diagnosis of COPD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 934 Medical history 935 Physical signs 935 Smoking cessation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 935 Brief intervention 935 Management of stab e COPD: pharmaco ogica therapy 936 Bronchodilators 936 Glucocorticoids 936 Outcomes of frequently used drugs 936 Combination therapy 937 Management of stab e COPD: ong-term oxygen therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937 Management of stab e COPD: pu monary rehabi itation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937 Management of stab e COPD: nutrition . . . . . . . . . 938 Management of stab e COPD: surgery in and for COPD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938 Surgery in COPD 938 Surgery for COPD 938 Management of stab e COPD: s eep . . . . . . . . . . . . 938 Management of stab e COPD: air-trave . . . . . . . . . 939 Exacerbation of COPD: de® nition, eva uation and treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939 De® nition 939 Assessment 940 Indication for hospitalisation 940 Indications for admission to specialised or intensive care unit 940 Treatment of exacerbations 940 Exacerbation of COPD: inpatient oxygen therapy. . . 940 Setting and adjusting oxygen ̄ ow 941 Monitoring following hospital discharge 941 Exacerbation of COPD: assisted venti ation . . . . . . . 942 Indications for mechanical ventilation 942 Modes of mechanical ventilation 942 Criteria for hospital discharge 942 Follow-up evaluation 943 Ethica and pa iative care issues in COPD . . . . . . . 943 Integrated disease management for primary care in COPD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943 Referral indications 943 Conc usions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 944